Directed Writing: Discursive vs Argumentative Essays

In the IGCSE English First Language Directed Writing task, you’ll be required to either write a speech, letter, or article using information from provided texts. The key to success is presenting your ideas in an appropriate form, style, and register. One effective way to achieve this is by mastering discursive and argumentative essays to structure and organise your writing.

What is a discursive essay?

A discursive essay explores a topic in a balanced way, presenting multiple perspectives without necessarily taking a definitive stance. The goal is to discuss various viewpoints and provide a comprehensive overview of the subject.

Key features of a discursive essay:

• Balanced viewpoints: Presents multiple sides of an argument.
• Objective tone: Maintains a neutral and unbiased tone.
• Evidence-based: Uses evidence to support different perspectives.
• Conclusion: Summarises the discussion without taking a strong position.

What is an argumentative essay?

An argumentative essay, on the other hand, requires you to take a clear stance on an issue and argue in favour of your position. The aim is to persuade the reader through logical reasoning and evidence.

Key features of an argumentative essay:

• Clear position: Takes a definitive stance on an issue.
• Persuasive tone: Uses a convincing and assertive tone.
• Structured argument: Presents a logical sequence of arguments supporting your position.
• Counter arguments: Addresses and refutes opposing viewpoints.

How are discursive and argumentative essays similar?

Discursive and argumentative essays are similar in some ways:

• Research-based: Both require thorough research to gather evidence and support your points.
• Logical structure: Both follow a clear structure with an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion.
• Formal tone: Both maintain a formal tone appropriate for academic writing.
• Critical thinking: Both require critical thinking to analyse and present information effectively.

How are discursive and argumentative essays different?

Discursive and argumentative essays are different in some ways. 

Purpose:

• Discursive: Aims to explore and present multiple viewpoints on a topic.
• Argumentative: Aims to persuade the reader to accept a specific viewpoint.

Tone:

• Discursive: Neutral and balanced.
• Argumentative: Assertive and persuasive.

Structure:

• Discursive: Discusses various perspectives without taking a strong stance.
• Argumentative: Presents a clear thesis and supports it with arguments while also addressing counter arguments.

Audience engagement:

• Discursive: Engages the reader by presenting a comprehensive overview of the topic.
• Argumentative: Engages the reader by convincing them of a particular viewpoint.

Which type of writing should you use?

Use discursive writing when:

• You need to explore a topic in a balanced and comprehensive manner.
• The exam prompt asks for a discussion of multiple perspectives.
• You aim to inform and educate the reader without persuading them to take a specific stance.

Use argumentative writing when:

• You need to take a clear stance on an issue and persuade the reader.
• The exam prompt asks for a strong argument in favour of or against a particular viewpoint.
• You aim to convince the reader through logical reasoning and evidence.

Tips for writing discursive and argumentative essays in Directed Writing

Discursive essays tips:

1. Understand the topic: Know the topic and its scope.
2. Plan your essay: Outline with an introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion.
3. Balanced argument: Present multiple perspectives fairly.
4. Introduction: Introduce the topic and perspectives.
5. Body paragraphs: Focus on one point per paragraph with evidence.
6. Conclusion: Summarise points and restate the importance of multiple perspectives.
7. Formal tone: Use formal and objective language.

Argumentative essays tips:

1. Clear position: State your position clearly in the thesis.
2. Strong introduction: Hook the reader, state your thesis, and outline the main points.
3. Structured argument: Organise with clear, logical arguments.
4. Evidence and examples: Support arguments with strong evidence.
5. Counter arguments: Address and refute counter arguments.
6. Persuasive language: Use persuasive language and rhetorical devices.
7. Conclusion: Summarise arguments and restate your thesis.

Sample discursive essay introduction and conclusion paragraphs

“The Impact of Social Media on Teenagers.” 

Introduction:

In recent years, social media has become a ubiquitous presence in the lives of teenagers, shaping their communication habits, social interactions, and self-perception. While some argue that social media platforms offer valuable opportunities for self-expression and connectivity, others contend that they contribute to issues such as cyberbullying, mental health problems, and decreased face-to-face interactions. This essay will explore both the positive and negative impacts of social media on teenagers, aiming to provide a balanced perspective on this complex issue.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, social media presents both significant benefits and challenges for teenagers. While it can enhance communication and provide a platform for self-expression, it also poses risks to mental health and social development. By promoting responsible usage and digital literacy, society can help teenagers navigate the digital landscape more effectively, maximising the benefits while mitigating the drawbacks.

Sample argumentative essay introduction and conclusion paragraphs

“The Impact of Social Media on Teenagers.” 

Introduction:

The influence of social media on teenagers has sparked a heated debate, with strong opinions on both sides. Advocates argue that social media fosters creativity, enhances communication, and provides a sense of community. Conversely, critics claim that it leads to cyberbullying, addiction, and negative impacts on mental health. This essay will argue that the negative effects of social media on teenagers outweigh the positive aspects, necessitating stricter regulations and awareness campaigns to protect young users.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, while social media offers certain advantages, such as improved communication and creative outlets, its detrimental effects on teenagers’ mental health and social well-being cannot be ignored. Stricter regulations and increased awareness are essential to safeguard teenagers from the potential harms of social media. By addressing these issues, we can create a safer and more supportive online environment for young users.

Similarities and differences between the two essays

Similarities:

• Both essays provide a clear introduction to the topic and outline the main points to be discussed.
• Both conclusions summarise the key arguments and offer a final perspective on the issue.

Differences:

• The discursive essay presents a balanced view, exploring both sides of the argument without taking a definitive stance.
• The argumentative essay takes a clear position, arguing that the negative effects of social media outweigh the positive aspects and calling for specific actions.

Understanding the differences between discursive and argumentative essays is essential for success in the IGCSE English First Language Directed Writing task. By mastering the unique requirements of each type, you can effectively communicate your ideas and achieve higher marks. Remember to practice regularly and seek feedback to improve your writing skills. 

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